Discipline and Punish
Part One: Torture
1. The body of the condemned (3-31)
I.Intention: "...correlative history of modern soul and of new power
to judge" (23).
A. what is the "modern soul"?: out of it is constructed
psyche, subjectivity...(29)
B. F writes this history of the soul through writing
a "history of the body" (25)
C. soul is the "present correlative of a certain technology
of power over the body ..."
D."the soul is the prison of the body" (30)
E. "a history of the present" (31)
II.Method: "a micro-physics of power" (26)
A.four methodological rules: (23-24)
1.positivity: not just repressive
effects
2. specificity: discipline
as "political tactic"
3.commonality: of penal system
and human science
4.corporeality: body invested
by power relations
B.power is not seen as a "property, but as a strategy"
(26)
C.need a power/knowledge schema (27)
III.Examples: public torture of the condemned/timetable
A.rather than progress, F shows torture had own logic
="surplus power" of sovereign (29)
B.two clues:
1.disappearance of public torture
(8-10)
2.slackening of hold on body
(10-11)
C."modern rituals of execution" show this double process
D.shift in power relations: "displacement in object
of the punitive operation" (16)
E.Change in truth (19):
F.Clue to this change is
1.treatment of madness (19-20)
2.role of psychiatry (21-22)
2. The Spectacle of the Scaffold (32-69)
IV.The Logic of the System (32-54)
A.Judicial System for the production of truth (32-47)
1.torture as rational, not
emotional (32-35)
2.part of truth-production
mechanism (35-37)
3.the confession (37-40) "double
ambiguity" (to be centerpiece of HS1)
4.torture of the truth: truth
through the body: askesis: exercise as subject formation
5.body in punishment (43-47):
power written on the body
B.Political logic of punishment as performative display
of power (47-54)
1.crime as offense/punishment
as vengeance
2.punishment restores sovereignty
by displaying infinite force on body
3.two aspects: victory in war
against criminal (50; struggle for truth (51-53)
4.recap (53-54): public execution
as political operation
V.Interlude: Context of the logic ("general background") (55)
A.contempt for body
B.historical conjuncture: political need for crown
to display power
VI.Summary: "Atrocity" as key to logic of the system (56)
A.Crimes break natural and positive laws
B.violent challenge to sovereign
VII.Reasons for change: foremost, the "people": internal to scene, yet
principle of disorder (57-69)
A.people as internal to spectacle (58)
B.possibility of revolt (59-65) (62: "from below ...
permanent unrest)
C.NB: target of reform was this disorder, potential
class solidarity (63)
VIII.gallows speeches: popular expression and authoritative propaganda
(67)
A."equivocal effect" (67) "two-sided discourses" (68)
(dissemination)
B.becomes "new literature of crime" (68-69)
Part Two: Punishment
1. Generalized Punishment (73-103)
IX.Forecast of section: (73-75): Call for a new form of punishment:
A.time: 1789: French Revolution as threshold
B.program: no longer vengeance, just punishment
C.problems:1. power: revolting; 2. condemned: shameful;
3. people: dangerous
D.first formulation: cry from the heart: respect for
humanity
1."man" as legal limit: subjectivity
must be respected
2."man" becomes object of knowledge
in 19th century
X.Situate "reformers" in process uncoverable in archives (against "great
man" history) (75-82):
A.the changes (75-76)
B."underlying processes" (76) "whole complex mechanism"
(77)
C.how to characterize this change? (77-78)
1.change in attitude?
2.effort to adjust mechanisms
of power
D.Method: compare power with discourse of reform "irregularity"
of former power under attack
E.aim of reform:
1.a better economy, homogenous,
and more effective at control of behavior (80-81)
2."not to punish less, but
to punish better ..." (82)
XI.New policy for illegalities (82-89)
A.Ancien Régime (82-84)
1.social stratification of
accepted illegalities
2.paradoxes
3.part of everyday functioning
of society, and in some cases necessary for survival of lumpen
B.Reversal from rights to property (84-89)
C.Summary statement (87): legal reform at juncture
of struggle
D.Methodological dictate (89): "a penal system must
be conceived as a mechanism intended to administer illegalities differentially,
not to eliminate them all"
XII.Contract theory undergirds theoretical reform discourse (89-
A.shifts right to punish (90)
1.from vengeance of sovereign
2.to defense of society (criminal
as outcast, as wolf [cf Locke])
B.limits of new punishment:
C.principle of calculation of effects of power (91-93)
D.Major rules of new economy: (99)
E.Shift in point of application of power (101)
1.no longer display of body
in pain
2.but "play of representations
and signs" (101)
XIII.Recap and forecast (101-103)
A.two lines of objectification (101) "power relation"
duplicated by an"object relation"
B.different temporalities of these objectifications
C.Forecast: (103) supercession of punitive semio-technique
by "a new politics of the body"
2: The Gentle Way in Punishment (104-131)
XIV.Reformist punishment (104-114): "The punitive city" (113) = "technology
of representations" (104)
A.unarbitrary: symbolic rather than signitive (104-106)
B.mechanics of forces (of sensibility and passion)
(106-7)
C.temporal modulation (107-8)
D.circulation of punishment-signs (108-9)
E.economy of publicity (109-112)
F.inversion of traditional discourse on crime (112-113)
G.recap/portrait of the punitive city (113-114)
XV.Imprisonment only punishment in reformist arsenal: how does it become
essential form? (114-120)
A.very short time span for conversion (116)
B.obstacles to imprisonment as essential punishment
(118-19)
XVI.models of prison (120-126)
A.Amsterdam (120)
B.Ghent (121)
C.English models (122)
D.Philadelphia (123)
XVII.Convergence and disparities of reformist punishment and new prison
models
A.convergences (126-27)
B.disparities [in technology of the penality: access
to individual] (127-
C.punitive city or coercive institution? (129)
XVIII.Recap: (130-31)
A.three forms of power overlapping in late 18th century
B.forecast: how does the third technology of power
wins out?
Part Three: Discipline
1. Docile Bodies (135-69)
XIX.Body as object and target of power (136-41)
A.two registers (136):
1.anatomico-metaphysical register:
Descartes, physicians
2.technico-political register:
army, school, hospital
B.characteristics of docile body (136):
1.joins analysable body to
manipulable body
2.may be subjected, used, transformed,
improved
C.disciplines: new political technology of the body
(137)
1.characteristics:
a.scale:
individual movements
b.object:
economy of motion
c.modality:
constant coercion
2.general formulas of domination
a.effect:increasing
spiral of obedience and utility (138)
b.force:
c.dissociates
power from the body
3.history (138):
a.multiplicity
of often minor processes
b.converging
and gradually producing blueprint
4.Foucault's intention: write
new microphysics of power (139)
5.political anatomy of detail
(139)
6.Napoleon as figure crossing
both worlds of central imperium and disciplinary detail
7.birth of man of modern humanism
(141; cf. 191)
XX.Art of Distributions (space) (141-149) "living tables" (148)
A.enclosure: "protected place of disciplinary monotony"
(141)
B.partitioning: "principle of elementary location"
(143)
C.functional sites: create a useful space (143-45)
D.rank (145-9)
XXI.Control of Activity (149-156)
A.time-table (149-51)
B.temporal elabortation of the act (151-2)
C.correlation of the body and the gesture (152)
D.body/object articulation (152-3)
E. exhaustive use (154-156)
XXII.Organization of geneses (156-62) (capitalizing time [157])
A.methods:
B.disciplinary time:
C.exercise (161):
XXIII.Composition of forces (162-67): articulate internal motions of machine
A.individual body becomes an element, allowing articulated
motion
B.chronological series are also pieces of machinery
C.precise system of command: stimulus/response (166)
XXIV.Summary (167-169):
A.an individuality with four characteristics
1.cellular (distributed bodies)
2.organic (coded activities)
3.genetic (trained aptitudes)
4.combinatory
B.four great techniques
1.draws up tables
2.prescribes movements
3.imposes exercises
4.arranges tactics
C.politics of discipline (contract theory/disciplinary
practice)
1.military model for elimination
of civil disorder
2."military dream of society"
(169)
2. The Means of Correct Training (170-194)
XXV.Hierachical observation (170-77): linking visibility and power
A.model of military camp (171)
B.architecture of control (172)
C.new type of surveillance:
D.disciplinary power (176-77):
XXVI.Normalizing judgement (177-84)
A.characteristics:
B.normalization via disciplinary punishment (182-83)
C."penality of norm"
XXVII.Examination (184-94)
A.combines techniques of hierarchical observation and
normalizing judgment
B.power/knowledge in human sciences (185)
C.examination as power/knowledge mechanism (187-
1.transformed economy of visibility
into exercise of power
2.introduces individuality
into field of documentation
3.examination plus documentation
makes individual into a "case"
D.constituting individuals as effect and object of
power/knowledge (192)
XXVIII.Reversal of political axis of individualization
A.classical: ascending individualization
B.disciplinary: descending individualization
3. Panopticism (195-228)
XXIX.Plague city (195-200)
A.characteristics:
B."compact model of disciplinary mechanism" (197)
C.plague vs. leper (198)
D.19th century discipline: treat "lepers" as "plague
victims" (199)
XXX.Bentham's Panopticon (200-209)
A.creation of field of visibility whose viewpoint is
invisible
1.this is moment that creates
interiority, self-reflection, super-ego
2."... he becomes the principle
of his own subjection" (203)
B."automatizes and disindividualizes power" (202)
C.laboratory for training individuals (203)
D.panopticon as diagram (205):
1."general principle of new
'political anatomy' ... discipline" (208)
2.generalizable model of functioning
(205)
3.polyvalent in applications
(205)
4.makes possible perfection
of exercise of power (206)
XXXI.disciplinary society (209-218)
A.functional inversion of the disciplines (210-11)
B.swarming of disciplinary mechanisms (211-212)
C.state-control of mechanisms of discipline (213-216)
D.discipline as type of power (215)
E.the modernity of discipline (216)
XXXII.formation of disciplinary society (218-228)
A.economic processes
B.legal structures and discipline
1.society could afford formal
liberties because it had discipline to assure conforming behavior
2."the real, coporal disciplines
constituted the foundation of the formal, juridical liberties" (222)
3.disciplines as "counter-law"
(222):
4.hence as "concrete form of
every morality"
C. combination of disciplinary practices allows power/knowledge
(224)
Part Four: Prison
1. Complete and austere institutions (231-256)
XXXIII.How did prison become the essential form of punishment? [231-35]
A.characteristics: [232-33]
B.prison reform contemporaneous w/ its expansion [234]
XXXIV."complete and austere institutions" [235- ]
A.complete: "recoding of existence" [236]
B.principles [236-48]:
C.carceral as [disciplinary] excess over judicial [247-48]
XXXV.prison has come to trap criminal justice in power/knowledge [248-55]
A.at first, resistances to prison [248]
B.entrapment in power/knowledge: realization of Panopticon
[249]
C.convict, as object of knowledge, becomes the delinquent
[251]
XXXVI.summary [255-56]
A.three lines of objectification of the criminal
B.prison as site of power/knowledge
2. Illegalities and delinquency (257-292)
XXXVII.Symptom and symbol of transformation: replacement of chain-gang
by police cart [257-64]
A.chain-gang [257-63]
B.police cart [263-64]: mobile Panopticon
XXXVIII.Denunciation of prison "failures" and announcement of "reforms"
[264-71]
A.failures [same today as 1840]:
B.reforms/good principles [same today as 1840]:
C.carceral system [271]
1.prison/failure/reform all
part of same system
2.fourfold system
XXXIX.what is positively served by prison "failure"? [271-85]
A.success of penality [272]:
B.history of illegalities [273-76]:
C.penality as social control [276-82]: depoliticized
crime
D.two figures
E.crime literature: theoretical and aesthetic representation
of bourgeois illegality [285]
XL.tactics of delinquency and penality [285-92]
A.systematic confusion of common law and labor law
[285-86]
B.install perception of delinquents as close by, fearful,
etc. [286-7]
C.workers' newspapers: political analysis of crime
[287-89]
D.figure of indiscipline: revaluation of bourgeois
values [290-92]
3. The Carceral [293-308]
XLI.Mettray: discplinary model at the extreme [292-96]
A.all the coercive technologies of behavior [292-93]
B.technicians of behavior [294-95]
C.specificity of Mettray training [295]
XLII."carceral archipelago" [297-]
A.discipline inside and outside the prison
B.results of this spread
1.continuity of offense/deviation
from norm
2.recruitment of disciplinary
"careers"
3.lowering threshold of penality
[301-03]
4.the norm [304]:
5.body [304-5]:
6."extreme solidity" of the
prison [305-06]
XLIII.Conclusion [307-08]
A.carceral is multiple network of diverse elements
B.all involved in normalization [=proletarianization?]
C.carceral as combat, as installation of order on what
tends to disorder
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